424. Protection of Power apparatus and System 

FIRST TERM:
1.	Basic Principles and Components of Protection: 
	Basic ideas, Nature and causes of faults and fault statitics; 
	Zones of protection; Primary and back up protection, 
	Method Of discrimination; Pick up and reset values; 
	Holding coil and seal in realy, Circuit quantity from three phasee: 
	Components of protection.

2.	Constructiona Features: Types of electromagnetic relays. 
	Theory of induction relay torques; Directional and non-directional units; 
	Thermal relays; Operating Principles, General equation for electromagnetlic relay;
	over current relay-inverse characteristics and definite time characteristic, 
	time and cunent setting.

3.	Protection of Feeders and Apparatus;
	Over -current protection; Protection of parallels feeders, 
	Distance production, Impedance, modified impedance, reactance and MHO type, 
	relays-their construction connection, operating principals, 
	characteristics on R-X diagrams, Effect of arc resistances, and power surges 
	on distance relays, selection of distance relays for short medium and 
	long lines for ground and phase faults, introduction to differential protection  
	and Buchholz's relays, protection of alternators, 
	Generator protection against short-circuits and earth faults, 
	protection of bus-bar and motors

4. Auto Reclosing: Introduction, three phase versus single phase reclose.

5.	Static Relay and Comparators; Basic for static relay, 
	Amplitude comparator, phase comparators, Coincidence type phase comparator.


SECOND TERM:

6. Circuit Breakers: Theory of circuit interruption:- lntroduction,
	Physics arc Phenomena, maintenance of the arc, losses from plasma, 
	Essential properties of the arc, Arc suppression theories. 
	Circuit constants in relation to circuit breaking. Circuit constants and 
	circuit conditions, Restricting voltage, Transient characteristics of restricting 
	voltage, current chopping, duties of switch gear Air break CB, Oil CB, 
	SF6 circuit breakers, Air blast CB; and vacuum circuit breakers. 
	Comparative merits of different types of conventional CB; Testing of CB/; 
	Introduction; simple testing station; Equipment used in the Station; 
	Testing procedure, Direct testing; Indirect testing.

7.	Protection of Lines from over voltage, Lightening phenomenon ground wires, 
	surge diverters, surge absorbers arcing ground, peterson's coil, 
	wave shape of surge produced in laboratory, impulse ratio, B.l.L. and 
	insulation coordination., Carrier current protection.

8.	Earthing; Safety and system earthing, Electrodes-wires, rods and mesh type, 
	solid neutral grounding, Neutral grounding through resistance, 
	reactance and transformer, counter poises.

9.	Introduction to Microprocessor and its uses in the field of protection;

Texts / References
	1. B. Ram arid D.N. Vishwakarma "Power system Protection and Switchagear TMH
	2.	Ravindra Nath and M. Chandar "Power  System Protection and Switchgear", 
			Wiley Eastern

REFERENCE
	3. 	Warrington "Protective Relays - Their theory and Practice" Chapmen and Hall.